Towards the end of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire suffered many military defeats and territorial losses. Austria entered into conflicts with Russia and other European powers. During this period, he lost most of his territory. II. Mahmud and III. Some sultans, such as Selim I, initiated reforms to modernize the empire. These reforms included military, economic and administrative changes. The Tanzimat (Reform) Period began in the mid-19th century. During this period, further reforms were carried out within the empire. The principles of fundamental rights, equality and justice were adopted. However, these reforms could not solve the difficult economic and political problems of the empire. 18th-19th century Ottoman Empire
